An issuing bank is a financial institution or organization responsible for issuing and managing various financial instruments such as payment cards, checks, electronic money and other means of payment. It plays an important role in the financial system by ensuring the availability and functionality of these instruments for customers and participants in payment systems.

Examples of issuers

Examples of issuing banks include commercial banks, specialized financial institutions and international payment systems. Commercial banks often act as issuers of payment cards and other means of payment for their customers. They issue these instruments on the basis of agreements with payment systems and organizations, which ensures the possibility of non-cash payments and cash withdrawals from customers' bank accounts.

Specialized financial institutions may also act as issuing banks, issuing certain types of financial instruments specific to their activities. For example, mortgage banks may issue bonds and other mortgage-related instruments to raise funds in the capital markets.

Key functions of the issuing bank

Issuing banks perform a number of important functions related to the issuance and management of financial instruments, ensuring the efficiency of the payment system and meeting customer needs. Main functions of issuing banks:

• Issue and distribution of financial instruments. The issuing bank issues and distributes payment cards and other means of payment based on agreements with relevant payment systems and organizations.
• Establishing conditions of using the instruments. The issuing bank sets the rules and conditions for using a card or other financial instrument, including limits, fees of issuing banks and security rules.
• Transaction processing. The issuing bank processes payment transactions related to cards or other financial instruments and carries out settlements between participants in the payment system.
• Providing customer service. The issuing bank provides customers with information about the account status, transactions performed, opportunities to use instruments and other services related to financial instruments.

Issuing bank and acquiring bank: differences and similarities

The issuing bank and the acquiring bank play two different roles in the payment system. The issuing bank is responsible for issuing and managing financial instruments, while the acquiring bank processes payments and provides the technical infrastructure for transactions. The issuing bank and acquiring bank may be the same organization, but they are often separate institutions that interact with each other to ensure the efficient functioning of the payment system.

PCI DSS certificate is a document certifying a company's compliance with the requirements of the PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard) standard. PCI DSS is a set of standards and rules developed jointly by international payment systems to ensure the security and privacy of payment data. It is the primary security standard for organizations that accept, process, store or transmit payment information during transactions.

Purpose and designation of the PCI DSS certificate

The purpose of PCI DSS certification is to confirm that a company strictly complies with the requirements and security measures established by the standard to protect the payment information of its customers. A PCI DSS certificate documents a company's compliance with the standard and confirms that the organization has effective security measures in place to protect payment information from unauthorized access, theft, or misuse.

Basic requirements of the PCI DSS standard

The PCI DSS standard establishes a number of mandatory requirements that an organization must meet to obtain a PCI DSS certificate. Some of the basic requirements include:

1. Protecting the system and network from attacks and unauthorized access.
2. Regular software updates and application of security patches.
3. Install and maintain strong authentication methods and passwords.
4. Protection of payment data storage, including encryption and limited access.
5. Monitoring and logging security events.
6. Regularly conduct security testing and system audits.

PCI DSS certification is not only confirmation of a company's compliance with the requirements of the standard, but also indicates that the security of payment data has been verified and confirmed by independent auditing companies. Obtaining a PCI DSS certificate is an important step for an organization to ensure customer confidence and protection of their privacy in the field of payment transactions.

An SDK (Software Development Kit) is a set of resources that includes a set of tools, libraries, and reference documentation for creating software. The acronym SDK stands for Software Development Kit. The SDK provides developers with the necessary resources and tools to create applications, including application programming interfaces (APIs), documentation, code examples, and development tools.


Key components of the SDK

The SDK includes several key components that provide functionality and capabilities for developers:

• API and SDK. The API (Application Programming Interface) provided by the SDK defines the available functions, methods, and data structures that can be used by developers to create applications.
• Development tools. The SDK provides tools that help developers create, debug, and test applications. These can be integrated development environments (IDEs), compilers, debuggers, simulators, and other tools that simplify the development process.

Popular SDKs for application development

There are many well-known and widely used SDKs. Some of them include:

• Android SDK. SDK for developing mobile applications for the Android operating system. It provides tools and libraries for creating applications, including access to device features, user interface, and other Android features.
• iOS SDK. SDK for developing applications for the iOS operating system used on iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch devices. It contains tools and libraries that allow developers to create apps, interact with iOS features, and leverage the Apple ecosystem.
• Windows SDK. SDK for developing applications for Windows operating systems. It includes tools, libraries, and documentation that allow developers to create applications for a variety of Windows platforms, including desktop, mobile, and Xbox.
• Facebook SDK. An SDK provided by Facebook for app development, integration with the Facebook social platform, and use of Facebook API features.

An SDK is an essential tool in software development, simplifying the development process, speeding up deployment time, and improving the quality of applications. It provides standard features, interfaces, and tools to create unique functionality and improve user experience. The SDK is also widely used in various areas of development, allowing the integration of third-party services, expanding functionality and creating ecosystems of developers.

CMS (Content Management System) is a content management system that is software designed to manage the creation, editing, organization and publishing of content on websites. CMS allows you to effectively manage information, facilitating the processes of creating and updating content on the site.

What is a CMS?
CMS, which stands for Content Management System, is a tool that manages the content of a website. CMS allows users without special programming skills to create, edit and publish website content using a convenient user interface. It provides tools for adding text, images, video, audio, and other elements to web pages. A CMS also provides the ability to organize content, manage the site structure, and customize its appearance.

CMS functionality
CMS includes several main components, each of which performs its own function:

• Material editing tool. This module allows users to create and modify content, add texts, images, videos, audio and other components on a website.
• Information storage. A CMS uses a database to store and organize content and other information needed to run a website.
• User panel. The content management system provides a user interface through which users can interact with the CMS.
• Additional components. Many CMS offer the ability to expand functionality using various modules and plugins. These additional components allow you to add new features and functionality such as social media integration, search engine optimization, user management and other useful features.

CMS allows users to easily create, edit and publish content, manage the design and functionality of the site, and expand its capabilities using modules and plugins. Using a CMS greatly simplifies and automates content management processes, allowing website owners to focus on creating quality content and improving the user experience.

Google Pay is an electronic payment system developed by Google. It allows users to make cashless payments using mobile devices. Google Pay integrates with financial institutions and payment services, providing an easy and secure way to pay for a variety of goods and services.

How does Google Pay work?
Google Wallet is based on NFC (Near Field Communication) technology, which allows contactless transfer of information between devices. Users can add their bank cards and accounts to the Google Pay app and then use them to pay in stores and online platforms. To make a payment, simply unlock your mobile device and touch it to the terminal or select the Google Pay option when making an online purchase.

Google Pay functionality
With Google Pay, users can make payments through mobile devices and online platforms, make contactless payments using NFC technology, and send and receive money transfers. Google Pay also gives you the ability to manage your financial transactions, view your transaction history, and set your payment preferences.

Google Pay supports various payment networks and partners with many banks and payment processors to provide a seamless experience for users. It is also compatible with various mobile devices running on the Android operating system and is available in many countries around the world.

With the advent of the digital era, a growing number of businesses are moving their business online. This raises new issues related to taxation and financial accounting. An important tool offered by the state is online fiscalization.


What is fiscalization?
Fiscalization is the process of linking a cash register or online cash register to the state tax accounting system. It allows you to automatically transmit information about each financial transaction to the tax authorities. As a result, all data on sales and income generated becomes available for verification and analysis.

Advantages of online fiscalization
Fiscalization of online payments has a number of advantages:

• Simplification of tax procedures. Online fiscalization of checks reduces the need for manual data entry and reporting. All information is automatically transmitted to the tax authorities, which simplifies the process of filing tax returns and reduces the likelihood of errors.
• Combating tax crimes: Online fiscalization allows the state to more effectively control the financial transactions of enterprises and promptly identify possible tax crimes or tax evasion.
• Increased customer trust: Customers receive electronic receipts or purchase confirmations, providing transparency and trust in the business. This also helps protect consumer rights and improve the level of service.

Fiscalization of online payments represents an important step in the modern digital business world. Its implementation has a number of advantages that significantly facilitate tax procedures, combat tax crimes and help increase customer confidence.


Examples of online fiscalization implementation

• Online cash registers. Many countries have already implemented online checkout systems that automatically transmit sales information to tax authorities. This requires the mandatory use of cash registers that meet certain requirements.
• Electronic reports. Businesses can provide electronic reports on sales and income received through special portals or systems that are linked to tax authorities.
• Integration with accounting programs. Many online services and accounting programs offer the ability to automatically transfer data on financial transactions to the tax system, which simplifies accounting and reporting.

Remote fiscalization is an important tool for simplifying tax procedures and combating tax crimes. Its implementation helps improve business efficiency, strengthen customer confidence and ensure transparency of financial transactions. Businesses should consider introducing online check fiscalization into their operations to reduce time and resources spent on tax procedures and comply with the requirements of the state tax system.

RRN (Reference Retrieval Number) is used in the context of financial transactions and is essential for identifying and tracking payments.


What is the RRN on a check?
The RRN on a check is a unique number or code that is assigned to each payment or transaction. It serves to identify and associate a specific check with the corresponding payment. The RRN on a check plays an important role in recording and reporting financial transactions.

Examples of using RRN
RRN is used in various fields such as:

• financial operations;
• reservations and orders;
• financial reporting documentation.

Thanks to RRN, banks and payment processors can effectively manage financial transactions, and businesses can maintain accurate records and produce reliable financial reports.

Financial operations
RRN is used in payment systems such as bank cards or electronic payment systems. Each transaction receives a unique RRN, which allows banks and payment processors to accurately identify and track payments.

Booking and orders
In the tourism, hospitality and online retail industries, RRN is used for booking and booking management. Each booking receives a unique RRN, which associates the booking with a specific payment or transaction.

Financial reporting documentation
RRN on a check helps businesses record and report financial transactions. It ensures accurate identification of each payment and simplifies the process of analyzing and monitoring financial data.

Search for payment by RRN
RRN provides the ability to efficiently search and link to the relevant payment or transaction. Using RRN, you can search databases or systems to quickly and accurately find information about a specific payment. This makes it easier to track and analyze financial transactions.

The RRN on a check plays an important role in accounting and linking with the corresponding payments. The ability to search for a payment using RRN makes it easier to record and analyze financial transactions. RRN is an essential tool for accurately identifying and tracking payments in today's financial environment.

In the modern world of e-commerce and online services, recurring payments are becoming increasingly popular. Recurring payments are a payment system that ensures automatic and regular debiting of funds from customer accounts or bank cards.

What are recurring payments?
Recurring payment is a payment system wherein the customer agrees to the automatic and regular debiting of funds from their account or bank card for a certain amount at a given time. This system simplifies the payment process and provides the customer with convenience and reliability.

Advantages of a recurring payment system
Recurring payments provide a number of benefits for both consumers and businesses. For customers, recurring payments provide convenience and time savings because they only need to set up autopayments once, and then the system automatically debits the funds at the specified time. For businesses, recurring payments provide a stable and predictable income stream, increase customer loyalty and reduce the risk of non-payment.

Application of automatic payments
Recurring payments are used in a variety of areas, including:

• Recurring Subscription: Customers can subscribe to a specific service or product and agree to pay recurring fees for its use.
• Online commerce: Recurring payments are widely used to automatically purchase goods or services by setting up autopayments for customers.
• Financial services: banks, payment platforms and services provide special recurring payment services, providing convenience and security for customers and businesses.

In conclusion, recurring payments are an important tool in today's economy, providing convenience and security for both customers and businesses. Recurring payment services make the payment process simpler and more reliable for everyone involved.

3D Secure authentication provides an additional layer of security for payments by requiring the entry of a special one-time password or other identifier that is known only to the cardholder.

What is 3D Secure?
3D Secure is a technology for protecting payments by bank cards on the Internet, which allows you to confirm the identity of the card owner when making online purchases. This is an abbreviation for Three Domain Secure, which means that three domains are involved in the payment process: the domain of the issuer (the bank that issued the card), the domain of the acquirer (the bank that serves the merchant) and the domain of the payment system (Visa, Mastercard, etc.).

Types of 3D Secure authentication
There are different types of 3D Secure, depending on the protocol used by the card issuing bank. The most common are 3D Secure 1.0 and 3D Secure 2.0:

1. 3D Secure 1.0 is based on redirecting the user to a special bank page, where they must enter a one-time password or answer a security question to confirm the payment.
2. 3D Secure 2.0 is a more modern and convenient authentication method that does not require going to another website, but uses biometric data, SMS codes or mobile applications to verify the buyer’s identity.

3D Secure technology increases security and trust for both buyers and sellers, and reduces the risk of payment refusals and disputes.

How 3D Secure technology works
When paying for a purchase in an online store that supports 3D Secure, you are redirected to a secure page of the issuing bank. There you are prompted to enter a one-time password or other identifier, which can be obtained in several ways:

• via SMS;
• by call;
• via app or other channel.

This allows the system to confirm the legal owner of the card and obtain consent for payment. After this, the user returns to the seller’s website and receives confirmation of successful payment.

3D Secure authorization improves transaction security, reduces the risk of fraud and increases customer confidence in online stores.

Contactless payment for purchases in stores, online stores and in applications has become an integral part of sales and service delivery.

What is Apple Pay?
Apple Pay is a contactless payment system that allows users to pay for goods and services using Apple devices such as iPhone, iPad, Apple Watch or Mac. Apple Pay lets you pay in stores, apps, and websites with just one tap or glance. Each transaction is protected by a unique code that is generated for your device.

How to use Apple Pay?
Apple Pay operates using NFC (Near Field Communication) technology, which ensures secure and fast data transfer between devices over a distance of several centimeters. To use it, you must do the following:

1. Apple Pay user needs to add their bank card to the Wallet app on their device.
2. You must verify your identity using Face ID, Touch ID, or a password.
3. Now the user can tap their device on the payment terminal and confirm the payment.

Apple Pay also supports online payments in some apps and websites that are integrated with the system.

Benefits of Apple Pay
Apple Pay has a number of advantages over conventional payment methods, such as:

• Convenience: the user does not need to carry physical cards or cash, just have their iPhone with NFC.
• Security: Apple Pay uses a unique code for each transaction that does not reveal the user's real card number or other personal information. In addition, the payment requires verification of the user's identity, which protects against fraud or theft.
• Speed: Apple Pay lets you make payments in seconds, without having to enter a PIN or sign a receipt.
• Innovation: Apple Pay showcases the cutting-edge technology and capabilities of Apple devices and advances the digital economy and society.

Apple Pay provides a convenient, secure and fast way to make contactless payments for purchases in stores, online and in apps. Apple Pay encrypts your data and doesn't share it with merchants, keeping your transactions private. In addition, Apple Pay supports many bank cards and payment systems, which makes it possible to choose the payment method that suits you best.